macam antibiotik ( mikrobiologi )

Classes of Antibiotics and their Properties
Chemical class Examples Biological source Spectrum (effective against) Mode of action
Beta-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins) Penicillin G, Cephalothin Penicillium notatum andCephalosporiumspecies Gram-positive bacteria Inhibits steps in cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis and murein assembly
Semisynthetic beta-lactams Ampicillin, Amoxicillin Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Inhibits steps in cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis and murein assembly
Clavulanic Acid Augmentin is clavulanic acid plus Amoxicillin Streptomyces clavuligerus Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamases
Monobactams Aztreonam Chromobacterium violaceum Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Inhibits steps in cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis and murein assembly
Carboxypenems Imipenem Streptomyces cattleya Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Inhibits steps in cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis and murein assembly
Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Inhibits translation (protein synthesis)
Gentamicin Micromonosporaspecies Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria esp.Pseudomonas Inhibits translation (protein synthesis)
Glycopeptides Vancomycin Amycolatopsis orientalisNocardia orientalis(formerly designated) Gram-positive bacteria, esp.Staphylococcus aureus Inhibits steps in murein (peptidoglycan) biosynthesis and assembly
Lincomycins Clindamycin Streptomyces lincolnensis Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria esp. anaerobicBacteroides Inhibits translation (protein synthesis)
Macrolides Erythromycin, Azithromycin Streptomyces erythreus Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria not enterics,Neisseria, Legionella, Mycoplasma Inhibit translation (protein synthesis)
Polypeptides Polymyxin Bacillus polymyxa Gram-negative bacteria Damages cytoplasmic membranes
Bacitracin Bacillus subtilis Gram-positive bacteria Inhibits steps in murein (peptidoglycan) biosynthesis and assembly
Polyenes Amphotericin Streptomyces nodosus Fungi (Histoplasma) Inactivate membranes containing sterols
Nystatin Streptomyces noursei Fungi (Candida) Inactivate membranes containing sterols
Rifamycins Rifampicin Streptomyces mediterranei Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibits transcription (bacterial RNA polymerase)
Tetracyclines Tetracycline Streptomycesspecies Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Rickettsias Inhibit translation (protein synthesis)
Semisynthetic tetracycline Doxycycline Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, RickettsiasEhrlichia,Borrelia Inhibit translation (protein synthesis)
Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuelae Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Inhibits translation (protein synthesis)
Quinolones Nalidixic acid synthetic Mainly Gram-negative bacteria Inhibits DNA
replication
Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin synthetic Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus anthracis) Inhibits DNA replication
Growth factor analogs Sulfanilamide, Gantrisin, Trimethoprim synthetic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Inhibits folic acid metabolism (anti-folate)
Isoniazid (INH) synthetic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis; analog of pyridoxine (Vit B6)
para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) synthetic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Anti-folate